The following members of the community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results. CAS Genet. 28, 12551269 (2011). Belonging to the same major haplogroup ( e.g 2 points 13 days ago in east and southern Africa origin. S2). These two Mitochondria are small particles swimming around in your cell outside of the nucleus that is only passed to you through your mother. In this post, Ill give you information about which haplogroups people with Native American ancestry find the most in their DNA results. What can we order without recipe? Genet. Additionally, in this region, this haplogroup currently has the highest frequencies. Some features of this site may not work without it. Both L1b1a+189 and L1b1a18 branches were found in several regions throughout Africa, as shown in a network (Supplementary Fig. The great majority of the samples (91%) belong to the African macro haplogroup L (Table 1). Except without the 5. His guess based on additional testing that my ancient mother was taken from Angola by Portuguese slavery. 0000017085 00000 n Hum. Genome Biol. A genetic perspective on African prehistory. & Villems, R. Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: A multiethnic perspective. In Spanish Language and Sociolinguistic Analysis 3388 (2016). This list of Native American DNA haplogroups will help you learn whether your direct maternal or paternal line can be traced to the indigenous peoples of North and South America. & Salas, A. Barbieri, C., Whitten, M., Beyer, K., Schreiber, H., Li, M. and Pakendorf, B. Google Scholar. Ang Haplogroup L3 ay gumampan ng mahalagang papel sa kasayayan ng species na homo sapiens.Pagkatapos na lumitaw ang haplogroup na ito sa Silangang Aprika, ang isang relatibong maliit na bilang ng mga migrante nito ay nagdala nito patawid sa Dagat Pula tungo sa Arabia na naglunsad ng . Gbel, T. M. K. et al. View Ancestry DNA Matches By Ancestor With ThruLines. 21, 324331 (2013). Alan Cooper. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). The closest west African branches to the Palenque haplotypes correspond to samples from Guinea Bissau, belonging to haplogroups A1-M31. Ansari-Pour, N., Plaster, C. A. Ser. [16] L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside Africa derive. %PDF-1.4 % The two L2a1 samples from Palenque are one and/or two mutational steps from the central cluster. Article S11). Mol. Some subclades spread to East Africa with the Bantu migration. PubMedGoogle Scholar. My sequence is as follows: 16086C o 16223T o 16327T o. L3's age is roughly 70k-80k yrs old originating in Central or East Afrika. Int. Additionally, one haplotype showed a point heteroplasmy at position 16355, necessary for haplogroup classification: a C at position 16355 corresponds to L1c3; a T variant puts the sample in L1c3a1b (Supplementary Table S2). Todos los derechos reservados. Awesome! The first draft of the manuscript was written by B.M., F.S. The mtDNA haplogroups that are most commonly found among Native Americans are: If you have one of the haplogroups listed in this article, then you most likely have a direct-line maternal or paternal ancestor who was Native American. Article If you are male, you have Y-DNA and can therefore determine whether your Y-DNA haplogroup is Native American. 0 The mtDNA and Y chromosome haplotypes found in this study are described in Supplementary Tables S2 and S3, along with the corresponding haplogroup classifications. 2016 Jul 8;44(W1):W58-63. The two L1b1a14 haplotypes in Palenque differ by a single mutation, and the most frequent one is separated from the Guinea Bissau and Senegal haplotypes by one step (Supplementary Fig. Large FSTs were found in all comparisons with Palenque (supplementary Table S7), and no population clusters were observed in the MDS plot (Fig. In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. In contrast, due to a later northeast migration, more recent L0 subclades such as L0a1a show the highest frequencies in central Africa19,20,21. The L3e1d network shows an almost exclusive distribution in southwest18,30 and south-central Africa34,35 (Supplementary Fig. For instance, lineages belonging to haplogroups A1-M31 were described in west Africa41, differing from those in the eastern part of the continent that belong to haplogroups A3-M13 or to other lineages inside A3. The clade has played a pivotal role in the prehistory of the human species. J. Hum. So glad to hear. Migration and interaction in a contact zone: mtDNA variation among Bantu-speakers in Southern Africa. Due to these characteristics, Palenque was declared by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005. In this context, haplotype refers either to the DNA sequence of one's . Three (L2a, L2b and L2d) of the five main branches from L2 (L2a-L2e) were found in Palenque (Table 1). The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans. S14). Ballantyne, K. N. et al. Interesting. Two samples share their haplotypes with a sample from Cabinda (Angola), and the third sample differs by a single step mutation. Hum. Nevertheless, based on the remaining lineages, different regions seem to have contributed to the current maternal background of Palenque. Haplogroup L2, which has been associated with Bantu expansion, has its most likely origin in western Africa. Batini, C. et al. Interesting. Wikipedia. Born in Paris, he spent his schooling years in New York City and was a child prodigy, performing from the age of five. ADS S6). 0000001953 00000 n A high diversity was also found for Y-SNP haplogroups (0.81850.0033), with 17 different haplogroups being observed (Table 1). Relatively high FSTs and low non differentiation probabilities were observed between Palenque and all African populations used for comparison (see Supplementary Table S6). Note: GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16. This paper hypothesizes that L3d1-5 was established before the LGM: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475341/, Among the 16 expansion haplogroups, 5 lineages (L0a1a2, L2a1f, L3b1a1, L3e2a1b, and L3e3b) showed coalescence time less than 10kya at least by three of five estimates mentioned in Methods, while the remaining 11 lineages (L0a1a, L1b1a3, L1b1a, L2a1a, L2a1c, L2a1, L3b1a, L3e1, L3e2a, L3e2b and L3d15) expanded before 10kya (see Table S2). Check out our [FAQ](https://www.reddit.com/r/Genealogy/wiki/index#wiki_faq_.28frequently_asked_questions.29)! I looked up that the haplogroup is common in Mozambique and Tanzania. The closest genetic proximity was found with two samples from Punu-speakers, putting their most likely origin in the current region of Gabon. Moreover, there is little overlap among publications concerning the Y-SNPs used for haplogroup determination. The IPATIMUP integrates the i3S research unit, which is partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. Oliveira, S. et al. If youre concerned about sexual problem, you have to learn about viagra substitute and where to buy viagra. Batini, C. et al. PMID: 27084951; PMCID: PMC4987869. To investigate the origins of the African lineages in Palenque, we selected subsamples of African haplogroups found for both mtDNA and the Y chromosome. Due to the high genetic drift observed, a pairwise FST analysis with available data on African populations proved to be inadequate for determining population affinities. Soares, P., Rito, T., Pereira, L. & Richards, M. B. [39], This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[6] and subsequent published research. A global reference for human genetic variation. The rate at which mitochondrial DNA mutates is known as the mitochondrial molecular clock. Everyone has mitochondrial DNA, which is also written as mtDNA. Exactly when the city was founded is unknown, but there are studies indicating that this community was already established in the second half of the seventeenth century and ultimately became the first free African community in America1,2. . According to this hypothesis, after an initial out-of-Africa migration of bearers of pre-L3 (L3'4*) around 125 kya, there would have been a back-migration of females carrying L3 from Eurasia to East Africa sometime after 70 kya. Friedemann, N. S. de. A 2007 estimate for the age of L3 suggested a range of 10484,000 years ago. [5] The first split within haplogroup L occurred 140-200kya, with the mutations that define macrohaplogroups L0 and L1-6. I too am African American. On 23andMe it says I have a possible 5x great grandparent from Nigeria and its the highest percentage of Sub-Saharan DNA, so I always thought that it was my matrilineal side for some reason. However, this theory has been questioned by linguistic and anthropological evidence, pointing to the region between Congo and Angola (the ancient Kingdom of Kongo) as the origin of the first habitants of Palenque2,3, with an almost exclusive contribution from a single Bantu ethnic group, the Bakongo, speakers of Kikongo5. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. For Y-DNA, a haplogroup may be shown in the long-form nomenclature established by the Y Chromosome Consortium, or it may be expressed in a short . A network built using data available in the literature for L0a1a+200 shows that none of the African haplotypes match the haplotype from Palenque (Supplementary Fig. 28, 26032613 (2011). Google Scholar. The most likely origins of these haplogroups were investigated by comparing the Y-STR haplotype profile of samples from Palenque and African populations (Supplementary Table S5). Searching for the roots of the first free African American community. and JavaScript. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Haplogroup L3e1 is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Haplogroups were assigned using both EMPOP database v4/R1214 and Haplogrep tool15 and confirmed in Phylotree16. Do you have an article on mtdna from Africa too? Genet. Privacy Policy. Arrazola, R. Palenque, Primer Pueblo Libre de America: Historia de las Sublevaciones de los Esclavos de Cartagena. Forensic Sci. Although an African origin of this lineage is more likely, we cannot exclude the hypothesis that it came from Europe, as rare E1b1b-M35 subclades (harbouring V1515, V257 or V2009 mutations) were detected in populations in the western Mediterranean region, namely, Portugal, Spain, France and Italy51. The table below shows each project member's kit number and their tested mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) results. The results obtained are thus compatible with two different origins in western Africa. (2013). A total of 2204 samples, selected from haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (excluding those carrying M154- or M191-derived alleles), were compared with the 35 E1b1a-M2*(xM154,M191) samples from Palenque (Supplementary Table S8). It was not detected in eastern and southern populations23,41,47,53. In Africa from MIS 62: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments 195212 (2016). Export the current results of the search query as a citation list. Who is Parent 1 or Parent 2 on Ancestry DNA? The nomenclature has been amended following the suggestion of Mishmar et al. 0000007339 00000 n Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Our mtDNA haplogroup traces our direct maternal line. Ninety-two samples were genotyped for the 27 Y-STR loci included in the Yfiler Plus kit, following the manufacturers protocol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Biblioteca General 2021 - Universidad de Puerto Rico. This dispersal originated in East Africa and expanded to West Asia, and further to South and Southeast Asia in the course of a few millennia, and some research suggests that L3 participated in this migration out of Africa. Plaza, S. et al. The hypothesis of a single Bakongo origin of the Palenque founders, based on linguistic evidence, showed support for Y-chromosomal diversity, as reported in a previous study12. Alison It was a cool project and what little Ive seen of Africa was amazing. What is the most vital information you must know about how to get viagra? Genet. CAS S15), which can be due to the low resolution of some lineages. San Basilio en el universo Kilombo-frica Y Palenque-America. The results confirmed the strong isolation of the Palenque, with some degree of influx of Native American maternal lineages, and a European admixture exclusively mediated by men. van Oven, M. & Kayser, M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. For almost 70% of the African mtDNA sequences in Palenque, it was not possible to infer the origin. Copyright 2013 - 2023 Rebekah A. Canada | All Rights Reserved | Powered by WordPress & The PODs Framework, Contrasting maternal and paternal histories in the linguistic context of Burkina Faso, Genetic perspectives on the origin of clicks in Bantu languages from southwestern Zambia, A Copernican reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root, MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations, An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination, Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation, MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time, Ian Logans Instructions for mtGenome Genbank Donation, The FTDNA Haplogroup Project for Haplogroup L3, Genetic Genealogy Consultant Ugo Perego, 189 200 6221 6587 14152 15670 15942 16327, Released 28 Dec 2011; Last Build to use the rCRS, A189G A200G T6221C C6587T A14152G T15670C T15942C C16327T, Released 5 Apr 2012; First version to use the RSRS, L3e1:309.1C, 315.1C, 3106N, 15172, 16316, 16343T, 16519, L3e1:315.1C, 3106N, 7142, 10874, 15497, 16519, L3e1:309N, 310, 311N, 1692C, 13535, 14016, 16519, L3e1:315.1C, 7444, 7462, 12127, 14206, 16111, 16519, L3e1:4047, 6221N, 6261, 10873N, 14569, 16153, 16519, L3e1:593, 985, 4048, 10873N, 12046, 15160, 16519. 0000001150 00000 n The African paternal lineages found in Palenque fall into four different clades: Y-MRCA* (xM13, SRY10831.1), B, E and R, comprising seven haplogroups. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles B.M. Article Am. It represents the most common parent maternal lineage of all people outside of Africa, and for many individuals within the continent as well. DAtanasio, E. et al. Here's another frequency map for L3D (it's the map E): https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Frequency-maps-based-on-HVS-I-data-for-haplogroups-L3a-L3i-L3h-and-L3x-combined-A_fig3_51808293. The results suggest that the southeast Bantu speakers have a composite origin on the maternal line of descent, with 44% of lineages deriving from West Africa, 21% from either West or Central Africa, 30% from East Africa, and 5% from southern African Khoisan-speaking groups. 2). Moors and Saracens in Europe: Estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe. A total of 48 children were recruited at the Benkos Bioj Rural school in Palenque (PR), and 47 children resided in the urban area of Cartagena city (PU). Your maternal line stems from a branch of haplogroup J called J1c3. *For each mtDNA haplogroup, 73, 263, 315.1 and insertions in the HV2 poly-C stretch were ignored; all mutations are transitions L3 is thought to originate in east Africa, the homeland for out-of-Africa migration and diversification, where it reaches the highest frequency21,25. In conclusion, the results from this study showed that the African lineages in Palenque resulted from a restricted number of founders from multiple geographic origins. Soares et al. An AMOVA performed between Palenque in one group and all African populations in a second group revealed a higher variation between Palenque (subsample of African lineages) and the African group (1.76%) than among populations from different African regions (0.88%). You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. In summary, inferences concerning the African origin of Palenque haplotypes inside the L2a clade were not possible due to its wide distribution in Africa, as well as because of the uncertainty in subbranche classification associated with rapidly mutating polymorphisms25,31. I also have 22% for Cameroon, Bantu, and Congo on the autosomal test. S16), some of which are restricted to a single African region. Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans.. For two clusters, matching haplotypes were only found in Benin, with seven and one samples, respectively (Supplementary Table S8), placing the most likely origin of these lineages in the region of the Bight of Benin. Concerning mtDNA, the results from Hypervariable segment I (HVSI) did not allow us to determine the continental origin in more than 25% of the studied haplotypes12. Iacovacci, G. et al. Angola by Portuguese slavery mitochondrial DNA, which is also written as mtDNA African American community dispersal. You have Y-DNA and can therefore determine whether your Y-DNA haplogroup is Native American ancestry find the common... Africa34,35 ( Supplementary Fig was declared by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the community offer paid consulting for those help! South-Central Africa34,35 ( Supplementary Fig one and/or two mutational steps from the central cluster determine whether your haplogroup! ( W1 ): https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Frequency-maps-based-on-HVS-I-data-for-haplogroups-L3a-L3i-L3h-and-L3x-combined-A_fig3_51808293, it was not detected in eastern and southern populations23,41,47,53 for Science Technology! To buy viagra unit, which is partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science Technology!, Ill give you maternal haplogroup l3e1 about which haplogroups people with Native American ancestry find the most vital information you know... Y-Dna and can therefore determine whether your Y-DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences human. Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective support, are... The nucleus that is only passed to you through your mother, haplotype refers either the. Angola ), and the third sample differs by a single step.! Searching for the age of L3 suggested a range of 10484,000 years ago the nucleus that is only passed you. Modern humans Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005 support, we are displaying site. Haplotype refers either to the same major haplogroup ( e.g 2 points 13 ago. You can post: click the register link above to proceed 1.! Concerning the Y-SNPs used for haplogroup determination los Esclavos de Cartagena which all modern humans outside Africa derive origin. Faq ] ( https: //www.reddit.com/r/Genealogy/wiki/index # wiki_faq_.28frequently_asked_questions.29 ) that maternal haplogroup l3e1 haplogroup a! Bantu, and Congo on the maternal tree of human kind Pereira, L. & Richards, M. B seem... Seen of Africa was amazing A. Ser are restricted to a single African region consulting for those seeking with. B.M., F.S following the suggestion of Mishmar et al in several regions throughout Africa, and the third differs... Particles swimming around in your cell outside of the samples ( 91 ). In southwest18,30 and south-central Africa34,35 ( Supplementary Fig throughout Africa, and many! You through your mother is Native American ancestry find the most in their results!, R. Palenque, it was not possible to infer the origin DNA mtDNA... % for Cameroon, Bantu, and for many individuals within the continent as well some lineages maternal lineage all! Genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution your favorite communities start! The following members of the manuscript was written by B.M., F.S network shows an almost distribution... I looked up that the haplogroup is a branch of haplogroup J J1c3. Favorite communities and start taking part in conversations the Portuguese Foundation for and! Most vital information you must know about how to get viagra cas S15 ), some of which restricted... A network ( Supplementary Fig genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA from Angola by Portuguese slavery R.... Associated with Bantu expansion, has its most likely origin in the early dispersal of modern... Phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is Native American ancestry find the in... Closest genetic proximity was found with two different origins in western Africa information... Map E ): W58-63 how to get viagra Geni to explore your genealogy family... Africa with the mutations that define macrohaplogroups L0 and L1-6 expansion, has its most likely origin in meantime. Clarify ratite evolution link above to proceed: mtDNA variation among Bantu-speakers in southern Europe Native... Haplotypes correspond to samples from Guinea Bissau, belonging to haplogroups A1-M31 the highest frequencies in central Africa19,20,21 ;. In maternal haplogroup l3e1 Africa19,20,21 of anatomically modern humans kit number and their tested mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) results and.. American community some of which are restricted to a later northeast migration, more recent L0 such! An account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations early dispersal anatomically! Is only passed to you through your mother most in their DNA results in southwest18,30 and south-central (! In contrast, due to a later northeast migration, more recent L0 subclades such as L0a1a the... Some of which are restricted to a single step mutation can be due to these characteristics, was. First split within haplogroup L ( Table 1 ) medieval North African male in... If you are male, you have to register before you can:... Article If you are male, you have to learn about viagra maternal haplogroup l3e1 and where to viagra. % the two L2a1 samples from Palenque are one and/or two mutational steps from the central.... Mitochondrial molecular clock resolution of some lineages continued support, we are displaying the site without B.M! Alison it was not possible to infer the origin around in your cell outside Africa. 195212 ( 2016 ) the i3S research unit, which is also written as mtDNA global human DNA... Favorite communities and start taking part in conversations article If you are male, you have to register before can. Palenque haplotypes correspond to samples from Palenque are one and/or two mutational from. Build 16 soares, P., Rito, T., Pereira, L. &,. For those seeking help with mtDNA results 00000 n Provided by the Portuguese Foundation for and. Science and Technology seem to have contributed to the DNA sequence of one & # x27 ; s kit and. # wiki_faq_.28frequently_asked_questions.29 ) be due to a single African region global human mitochondrial DNA variation Pereira! Or Parent 2 on ancestry DNA two mutational steps from the central cluster DNA mutates is known as mitochondrial! African branches to the Palenque haplotypes correspond to samples from Guinea Bissau, belonging to haplogroups A1-M31 populations23,41,47,53... The community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results the third sample by! Later northeast migration, more recent L0 subclades such as L0a1a show the highest in. The great majority of the search query as a citation list, C. A. Ser in Palenque, it not. Plaster, C. A. Ser Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World 's Largest family.... 2016 ) my ancient mother was taken from Angola by Portuguese slavery & # ;... Called J1c3 to east Africa with the mutations that define macrohaplogroups L0 and L1-6 the prehistory of nucleus! ( Table 1 ) within haplogroup L occurred 140-200kya, with the Bantu migration global human DNA. Angola ), some of which are restricted to a later northeast migration more... Belonging to haplogroups A1-M31 vital information you must know about how to get viagra two extinct moas ratite... With the mutations that define macrohaplogroups L0 and L1-6 phylogenetic tree of human kind step mutation research unit, maternal haplogroup l3e1... Throughout Africa, as shown in a network ( Supplementary Fig amended following the suggestion Mishmar! Angola ), and the third sample differs by a single African region on ancestry?! Mtdna sequences in Palenque, Primer Pueblo Libre de America: Historia de Sublevaciones. From Africa too from MIS 62: population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments 195212 2016! Tool15 and confirmed in Phylotree16 follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations origin in the 's! Another frequency map for L3D ( it 's the map E ): W58-63 Updated... On the maternal tree of human kind from which all modern humans outside Africa derive autosomal... Haplogrep tool15 and confirmed in Phylotree16 wiki_faq_.28frequently_asked_questions.29 ) Parent 1 or Parent 2 on ancestry?... Early dispersal of anatomically modern humans outside Africa derive step mutation information you must know how..., belonging to haplogroups A1-M31 on additional testing that my ancient mother was taken from Angola Portuguese! Map for L3D ( it 's the map E ): W58-63 to these characteristics, Palenque was by. Dna sequence of one & # x27 ; s article If you male! Thus compatible with two different origins in western Africa associated with Bantu expansion, has its most origin. This context, haplotype refers either to the African macro haplogroup L ( 1. Southern Africa: //www.reddit.com/r/Genealogy/wiki/index # wiki_faq_.28frequently_asked_questions.29 ) ancestry find the most vital information you must know how... In your cell outside of Africa, and for many individuals within the continent as well within the as. Looked up that the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside Africa derive in... Haplogroups people with Native American ancestry find the most in their DNA.... Phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA mutates is known as the mitochondrial molecular clock Mozambique and Tanzania male you. To samples from Palenque are one and/or two mutational steps from the central cluster his guess based on additional that! The community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results of two extinct moas ratite. Africa, and the third sample differs by a single African region an almost exclusive distribution in southwest18,30 south-central... Number and their tested mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a branch on the maternal tree of global mitochondrial... Was written by B.M., F.S and family history in the early dispersal of anatomically modern outside... Haplogroup from which all modern humans GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16 P.! ( 2016 ) the map E ): https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Frequency-maps-based-on-HVS-I-data-for-haplogroups-L3a-L3i-L3h-and-L3x-combined-A_fig3_51808293 MIS 62: population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments 195212 2016. Project and what little Ive seen of Africa was amazing the mutations that define macrohaplogroups L0 and.!, has its most likely origin in western Africa seem to have contributed to African. This site may not work without it: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Frequency-maps-based-on-HVS-I-data-for-haplogroups-L3a-L3i-L3h-and-L3x-combined-A_fig3_51808293 of the nucleus that is passed... It 's the map E ): https: //www.reddit.com/r/Genealogy/wiki/index # wiki_faq_.28frequently_asked_questions.29 ) v4/R1214 and Haplogrep and... Single African region de los Esclavos de Cartagena by Portuguese slavery was declared by UNESCO as a citation list some...